Daily Current Affairs 08-October-2025

The state of social justice_ A work in progress_ Report released by ILO

Context:
In October 2025, the International Labour Organization (ILO) released its global report titled “The State of Social Justice: A Work in Progress” ahead of the Second World Summit for Social Development in Doha. The report evaluates worldwide progress toward achieving social justice since the 1995 Copenhagen Summit, focusing on four pillars — equal rights and opportunities, fair distribution, social inclusion, and just transitions.

While the world has seen improvements in poverty reduction, education, and child labour rates, the report warns that inequality, declining trust in institutions, and uneven access to social protection continue to impede global social justice. It highlights that social justice remains a “work in progress,” requiring stronger policies, cooperation, and renewed social contracts.

Key Features:

• Global Progress: Extreme poverty reduced from 39% in 1995 to about 10% in 2023; secondary education completion rose by over 22 percentage points; child labour dropped from nearly 250 million to 106 million; work-related deaths fell by more than 10% since 2000; over half of the world’s population now covered by social protection.
  
  
• Persistent Inequality: Around 71% of an individual’s earnings still depend on birth circumstances such as gender, location, or parental status; 58% of workers remain in informal employment; gender gap in labour force participation still at 24%.
  
  
• Declining Institutional Trust: The report notes a consistent fall in public trust in institutions globally since the 1980s, undermining governance and social cohesion.
  
  
• Emerging Challenges: Climate transitions, digital transformation, and demographic changes are creating new inequalities and threatening to leave vulnerable populations behind.
  
  
• Policy Emphasis: Calls for universal social protection, fair distribution of resources, gender equality, just transition policies, and global cooperation to make social justice central to economic and environmental policymaking.
  
  
• Institutional Role: As the oldest UN agency, the ILO reaffirms its commitment to advancing decent work, equality, and fair transitions through global partnerships and data-driven policy frameworks.
  
  

World Para Athletics_India won a record 22 medals

Context:
 In 2025, India hosted the World Para Athletics Championships in New Delhi from 27 September to 5 October, welcoming athletes from over 100 countries. India delivered a historic performance, winning a record 22 medals — 6 gold, 9 silver, and 7 bronze marking its best-ever tally at the event. This achievement reflects the country’s growing investment in para sports, improved training infrastructure, and the rising international competitiveness of Indian para athletes. The success also boosted awareness and pride in para-sports across the nation.

Key Features:

• India’s 6 gold medals across various field and track events marked its strongest performance in World Para Athletics history.
  
  
• The 9 silver and 7 bronze medals reflected consistent, all-round excellence rather than isolated victories.
  
  
• India finished 10th overall in the medal standings, a remarkable improvement compared to previous editions.
  
  
• As the host nation, India showcased its capability to organize major global sporting events efficiently and inclusively.
  
  
• The performance surpassed all previous records for India at the Para Worlds, highlighting the impact of better athlete support systems and national coaching programs.
  
  
• Notable achievements came in javelin throw, shot put, long jump, and sprint events, underscoring India’s strength in both track and field disciplines.
  
  
• The championships also saw multiple world and championship records being broken globally, making it one of the most successful editions in Para Athletics history.
  
  
• The event reinforced India’s image as an emerging powerhouse in para-sports and strengthened the message of inclusivity, resilience, and excellence in athletics.
  
  

WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000–2024

Context:
 The World Health Organization (WHO) released the Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000–2024, tracking tobacco consumption patterns across 190 countries. The report assesses progress in reducing global tobacco use since 2000 and projects trends toward 2030. It aligns with global health targets such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3.a), which aim for a 30% relative reduction in tobacco use by 2025. The findings highlight steady progress in curbing tobacco use but warn that many countries still need stronger control policies to meet global goals.

Key Features:

• Decline in Global Tobacco Use: The global prevalence of adult tobacco use has dropped from around 34% in 2000 to about 22% in 2022, showing a steady decline driven by strong tobacco control measures.
  
  
• Projected Trends: WHO projects global tobacco use to fall further to around 18% by 2030 if current policies continue, though progress is uneven across regions.
  
  
• Regional Variations: Southeast Asia and Europe still record higher prevalence rates compared to other regions. The African and Western Pacific regions show the fastest declines.
  
  
• Gender Disparities: Tobacco use remains significantly higher among men (around 36%) compared to women (about 8%), though both groups show gradual declines.
  
  
• Youth Trends: Younger populations show declining smoking rates in most regions, reflecting effective awareness campaigns and stricter age restrictions.
  
  
• Policy Drivers: Success is linked to comprehensive tobacco control measures — higher taxes on tobacco, graphic health warnings, bans on advertising and promotion, smoke-free environments, and accessible cessation support.
  
  
• Industry Challenges: The report warns that tobacco industry interference, marketing of new nicotine products, and weak enforcement continue to undermine public health efforts.
  
  
• Global Outlook: While the world is on track to meet the 2025 target of reducing tobacco use by 30%, sustained political commitment and stricter regulation are needed to maintain progress and protect future generations.
  
  

India’s First Red List Unveiled At IUCN Congress

Context:
At the 2025 IUCN World Conservation Congress held in Abu Dhabi, India unveiled its first-ever National Red List of Endangered Species, marking a major step in documenting and protecting its biodiversity.

The initiative aligns India with global conservation standards and provides an official, science-based record of species facing various levels of extinction risk. India, home to nearly 8% of the world’s recorded biodiversity, aims to use this list to strengthen habitat protection, guide conservation funding, and inform national environmental policies. The Red List was developed in collaboration with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) using global assessment protocols and national data.

Key Features:

• The Indian Red List is a comprehensive database assessing the conservation status of thousands of native species — including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and plants.
  
  
• It categorizes species into standard IUCN risk levels such as:
  
  
  • Extinct (EX): No known individuals remaining.
    
    
  • Extinct in the Wild (EW): Survive only in captivity or cultivation.
    
    
  • Critically Endangered (CR): Facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future.
    
    
  • Endangered (EN): Facing a very high risk of extinction in the near future.
    
    
  • Vulnerable (VU): Facing a high risk of extinction in the medium-term future.
    
    
  • Near Threatened (NT): Close to qualifying for a threatened category in the near future.
    
    
  • Least Concern (LC): Species evaluated to have a low risk of extinction.
    
    
  • Data Deficient (DD): Insufficient information to assess risk.
    
    
• Notable Indian species listed in high-risk categories include:
  
  
  • Critically Endangered: Great Indian Bustard, Jerdon’s Courser, Namdapha Flying Squirrel, and Pondicherry Shark.
    
    
  • Endangered: Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Indian Rhinoceros, Snow Leopard, and Ganges River Dolphin.
    
    
  • Vulnerable: Indian Elephant, Red Panda, Nilgiri Tahr, and One-horned Chameleon.
    
    
• The Red List will help prioritize conservation funding and field research in regions with high biodiversity, such as the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Northeast India.
  
  
• It will also support India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, ensuring that species recovery plans are measurable and evidence-based.
  
  
• The launch of this list signals India’s growing leadership in biodiversity monitoring and aligns national conservation goals with international standards.
  
  

Indian Coast Guard Ship Akshar Commissioned 2025

Context:
On 4 October 2025, the Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Akshar was commissioned at Karaikal, Puducherry by Director General Rakesh Pal, the head of the Indian Coast Guard. It is the second vessel of the “Adamya”-class Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs), designed and built indigenously by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) under the Government of India’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ and ‘Make in India’ initiatives. The commissioning strengthens India’s coastal security network, particularly in the Eastern Coastal Region, enhancing operational readiness for maritime surveillance, law enforcement, and humanitarian missions.

Key Features:

• Class and Type: Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) – designed for quick response, interdiction, and coastal defense operations.
  
  
• Builder: Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) – a Defence Public Sector Undertaking (DPSU) under the Ministry of Defence.
  
  
• Design and Indigenization: Over 60% indigenous components, reflecting India’s emphasis on defense self-reliance and indigenous shipbuilding capability.
  
  
• Dimensions and Capacity: Approximately 51 metres in length, 8 metres beam, and 320 tonnes displacement, with a crew complement of around 35 personnel.
  
  
• Propulsion and Speed: Twin diesel engines (3,000 kW each) with Controllable Pitch Propellers (CPP); capable of speeds up to 27 knots (≈50 km/h) and an operational range of 1,500 nautical miles.
  
  
• Armament: Equipped with a 30 mm CRN-91 naval gun (with fire control system) and two 12.7 mm remote-controlled machine guns for surface combat and security operations.
  
  
• Advanced Systems: Features an Integrated Bridge System (IBS), Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS), and Automated Power Management System (APMS) for efficient and modern operations.
  
  
• Roles and Functions:
  
  
  • Maritime surveillance and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) patrols
    
    
  • Anti-smuggling, anti-poaching, and anti-illegal fishing operations
    
    
  • Search and rescue (SAR) missions
    
    
  • Environmental protection and response to oil spills or marine pollution incidents
    
    
  • Assistance during coastal disasters and humanitarian relief operations
    
    
• Command: Based at Karaikal, under the Eastern Region of the Indian Coast Guard, to enhance operational coverage along India’s eastern coastline and the Bay of Bengal.
  
  
• Significance for UPSC:
  
  
  • Strengthens India’s maritime security and coastal infrastructure under the Sagarmala and Maritime Vision 2030 frameworks.
    
    
  • Reflects India’s growing shipbuilding and defense manufacturing capabilities.
    
    
  • Plays a key role in ensuring blue economy security and implementing maritime law enforcement within India’s EEZ.
    
    
  • Demonstrates India’s commitment to maritime domain awareness (MDA) and coastal surveillance network expansion.
    
    

Multiple initiatives at Wildlife Week 2025

Context:
Wildlife Week 2025 in India was observed from October 2 to 8 under the theme of “Human-Wildlife Coexistence”. The week is meant to raise awareness, galvanize public participation, and roll out conservation initiatives across states. The Union Environment Ministry spearheaded several national initiatives and action plans launched at the time, along with state-level programs and public engagement events.

Key Features:

• The central government launched five major national initiatives including Project Dolphin, Project Sloth Bear, Project Gharial, and Project Tigers Outside Tiger Reserves. Also, a Centre of Excellence for Human-Wildlife Conflict Management was set up at SACON.
  
  
• Four conservation action plans were unveiled: the next cycles of population estimation for river dolphins, snow leopards, tigers (Cycle-6), and progress reports for the Great Indian Bustard and Lesser Florican.
  
  
• In Haryana, foundation stones were laid for “Namo Van” eco-parks (75 sites) and the Aravalli Species Nursery was inaugurated, to restore native species and expand green cover in the Aravalli hills.
  
  
• In Bhopal’s Van Vihar National Park, private vehicle access was suspended and electric golf carts were introduced for visitor movement, promoting low-impact tourism.
  
  
• WWF-India (in Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh) organized debate competitions in schools, colleges, and among teachers on themes like coexistence, urbanization, and wildlife protection, to engage youth and educators.
  
  
• In Jharkhand’s Palamu Tiger Reserve, a biking rally was held to support tiger conservation and raise public awareness.
  
  
• In the Nilgiris region, a forest department rally was flagged off by a Member of Parliament to draw attention to human-animal conflict and conservation at local levels.
  
  
• In Arunachal Pradesh, school students were engaged in eco-model making on “Nature 4R” (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Restore) to emphasize practical sustainability solutions.
  
  
• Zoos and sanctuaries introduced new attractions, exhibits, and awareness programs — e.g., Lucknow zoo set up a turtle pond and children’s zones, Chhatbir zoo organized “Tiger Talks” and contests for students.
  
  
• In Uttarakhand, the state government increased compensation for deaths due to wildlife attacks (from ₹6 lakh to ₹10 lakh) as part of conflict mitigation measures.
  
  
• Across states, walkathons, cleanup drives, plastic removal in forest zones, and public awareness campaigns were organized under slogans like “Every Step Counts: Save Wildlife Save Earth.”
  
  

PM-SETU: Skilling India’s Workforce for the Future

Current context

The government has launched the Pradhan Mantri Skill Enhancement, Training and Upgradation (PM-SETU) scheme to upgrade 1,000 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) across India.

The scheme focuses on modernising skill training infrastructure, fostering industry partnerships, and improving employability under the Skill India Mission.

Objectives of PM-SETU

• Modernisation of ITIs: Upgrade 1,000 government ITIs with modern equipment, advanced labs, and industry-linked training.
  
  
• Enhancing Employability: Bridge the skill gap between education and industry needs by offering training aligned with market demand.
  
  
• Promoting Innovation: Encourage innovation, incubation, and entrepreneurship among technical students.
  
  
• Expanding Access: Improve vocational training facilities in rural and remote areas, ensuring inclusivity in skilling opportunities.
  
  
• Industry Collaboration: Create strong partnerships between training institutions and industries for hands-on experience and placement support.

Structure and Implementation

• Hub-and-Spoke Model: Around 200 ITIs will function as “Hubs” equipped with advanced training facilities.
  
  
• Industry Partnership: Each upgraded ITI will have a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) involving an anchor industry partner to align curriculum and placements with industry needs.
  
  
• Centres of Excellence: National Skill Training Institutes in cities like Kanpur, Ludhiana, Chennai, Bhubaneswar, and Hyderabad will serve as model training and teacher development centres.
  
  
• Teacher Training: Around 1,200 instructors will be trained to adopt modern pedagogy, practical teaching, and digital learning methods.

Key Features

• New and Demand-driven Courses: Focus on emerging sectors like Electric Vehicles, AI, Robotics, Green Energy, Drones, and Advanced Manufacturing.
  
  
• Vocational Skill Labs: Establishment of skill labs in schools (like Navodaya Vidyalayas and Eklavya schools) to promote early vocational exposure among students.
  
  
• Entrepreneurship Support: Integration of incubation centres to promote startups and self-employment.
  
  
• Digital Infrastructure: Adoption of smart classrooms, simulation tools, and online learning platforms to improve accessibility and efficiency.

Significance of PM-SETU

• Bridging Skill Gaps: Addresses the mismatch between formal education and job market requirements.
  
  
• Boosting Employment: Enhances employability of youth by providing practical, hands-on training linked with real-world industries.
  
  
• Rural Upliftment: Expands skilling opportunities in less developed and remote regions, contributing to balanced regional development.
  
  
• Alignment with NEP 2020: Promotes vocational education as envisioned under the National Education Policy 2020.
  
  
• Economic Growth: A skilled workforce strengthens India’s manufacturing and service sectors, supporting the vision of “Atmanirbhar Bharat.”

Challenges Ahead

• Ensuring active and sustained participation of private industries in the SPV model.
  
  
• Maintaining uniform quality standards between urban and rural ITIs.
  
  
• Addressing shortage of trained faculty and timely development of infrastructure.
  
  
• Tracking learning outcomes and ensuring meaningful employment for trainees.

Conclusion

PM-SETU represents a transformative step in India’s skilling ecosystem. By modernising ITIs, promoting innovation, and aligning training with industry demand, it seeks to empower India’s youth for the 21st-century economy. Effective implementation, regular monitoring, and inclusive outreach will be key to realising its goal — “Skilled Youth, Strong Nation.”

Balod – India’s First Child Marriage–Free District

In October 2025, Balod district of Chhattisgarh became India’s first officially certified child marriage free district, marking a major milestone in India’s social reform journey. The certification was granted after two consecutive years without any reported or confirmed cases of child marriage across 436 gram panchayats and 9 urban bodies. This achievement underscores the success of community engagement, administrative vigilance, and awareness campaigns.

Historical Background of Child Marriage in India

• Ancient and Medieval Roots: Child marriage was historically linked to social customs like caste endogamy, dowry, and insecurity during medieval invasions.
  
  
• Colonial Period: The Age of Consent Act, 1891, and later the Sarda Act (Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929) were early legislative efforts to curb the practice.
  
  
• Post-Independence: Despite modernization and economic progress, patriarchal mindsets, poverty, and lack of education have perpetuated the custom, especially in rural and tribal areas.

Legal and Constitutional Safeguards

1. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006 – Makes marriages involving girls under 18 and boys under 21 punishable.
   
   
2. Article 21 (Right to Life) – Interpreted by courts to include right to live with dignity, free from harmful social practices.
   
   
3. Article 15(3) – Allows special laws for women and children’s protection.
   
   
4. Article 39(f) – Directs the State to ensure children’s development in healthy conditions.
   
   
5. POCSO Act (2012) – Criminalizes sexual relations with minors, reinforcing PCMA provisions.

Balod’s Multi-Sectoral Approach

• Administrative Leadership: The District Collector led coordination between education, health, and police departments.
  
  
• Data-Driven Monitoring: Regular surveys, helplines, and real-time reporting ensured tracking of at-risk girls.
  
  
• Community Mobilisation:
  
  
  • Gram Sabhas passed resolutions declaring their villages “child marriage–free.”
    
    
  • Anganwadi and ASHA workers played a pivotal role in counseling parents.
    
    
• Education & Livelihood Support:
  
  
  • Scholarships for girls in secondary and higher education.
    
    
  • Vocational training and skill programs under PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana.
    
    
• Social Awareness: Campaigns through schools, religious leaders, and youth clubs helped shift social norms.

Health, Social, and Economic Impacts

• Reduction in Adolescent Pregnancies: Leads to fewer maternal and neonatal deaths.
  
  
• Better Nutrition & Education Outcomes: Girls staying in school longer delay marriage and childbirth.
  
  
• Economic Empowerment: Skilled and educated women contribute more productively to the economy.
  
  
• Social Equity: Helps reduce gender-based violence and intergenerational poverty.

Government and Civil Society Initiatives

• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) – Promotes girls’ education and combats discrimination.
  
  
• POSHAN Abhiyaan – Improves maternal and child health.
  
  
• Nari Adalat and Mahila Police Volunteers – Provide legal and emotional support in rural areas.
  
  
• Childline 1098 – Enables anonymous reporting of child marriages.
  
  
• UNICEF and State Collaboration: Supported Balod through technical guidance and IEC (Information, Education, Communication) material.

Wider National Context

• As per NFHS-5 (2019–21), 23% of Indian women aged 20–24 were married before 18 years.
  
  
• High-prevalence states: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Rajasthan.
  
  
• Chhattisgarh aims to become India’s first child marriage–free state by 2028, inspired by Balod’s model.

Way Forward

• Replication of Balod Model: Integrate education, healthcare, and legal enforcement in every district.
  
  
• Address Root Causes: Poverty, dowry, and gender bias need targeted policy interventions.
  
  
• Empower Local Governance: Encourage panchayats to pass child marriage–free resolutions.
  
  
• Technology Integration: Use AI-based risk mapping and digital birth records to prevent underage marriages.

Conclusion

Balod’s success story proves that grassroots governance, community awareness, and strong legal enforcement can eliminate age-old social evils. It stands as a model for social reform, reflecting India’s constitutional vision of equality, dignity, and protection of children’s rights. The journey from law to social change begins in districts like Balod — where collective effort turns constitutional ideals into living reality.

Lecanemab: A New Hope in Alzheimer’s Care

Introduction:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. Recently, Lecanemab, a monoclonal antibody therapy, received FDA approval for early-stage Alzheimer’s, offering hope for slowing disease progression.

Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

Causes and Pathophysiology

• Pathological hallmarks: Amyloid-β plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles disrupt neuronal communication and lead to brain cell death.
  
  
• Additional mechanisms: Synaptic loss, chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and vascular changes.
  
  
• Genetic risk factors: APOE ε4 allele significantly increases susceptibility.
  
  
• Modifiable risk factors: Age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and low educational attainment.
  
  

Symptoms

• Early stage: Mild forgetfulness, difficulty recalling words, misplacing items, decreased planning ability, subtle mood changes.
  
  
• Moderate stage: Disorientation, behavioral changes, language difficulties, social withdrawal, and challenges performing daily tasks.
  
  
• Advanced stage: Loss of mobility, inability to eat independently, severe memory loss, total dependence on caregivers, and risk of infections.

Prevention and Risk Reduction

• Cardiovascular health: Control of blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol levels, and healthy body weight.
  
  
• Lifestyle interventions: Physical exercise, cognitive stimulation (reading, puzzles, learning new skills), and social engagement.
  
  
• Dietary measures: Mediterranean diet, antioxidant-rich foods, omega-3 fatty acids, and limited processed foods.
  
  
• Other measures: Avoid smoking, limit alcohol, manage depression and sleep disorders.
  
  
• Early detection: Screening and prompt intervention even with symptomatic therapies can slow functional decline.
  
  

Lecanemab: What the New Drug Can Do

• Mechanism of action: Lecanemab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to amyloid-β plaques, helping clear them from the brain and potentially slowing neuronal damage.
  
  
• Impact on disease progression: Clinical trials show ~27% slower cognitive decline over 18 months in patients with early Alzheimer’s compared to placebo.
  
  
• Symptom stabilization: May help maintain memory, reasoning, and daily functioning longer in early-stage patients.
  
  
• Limitations: Not a cure; benefits are modest and limited to early-stage disease. Risk of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), including brain swelling or microbleeds.
  
  
• Long-term outcomes: Data on prolonged benefits, functional independence, and safety over several years is still limited.
  
  
• Indian context considerations: High cost, requirement for advanced neuroimaging, and careful patient selection may restrict widespread adoption.
  
  

“Lecanemab shifts the treatment paradigm from purely symptomatic therapy to disease-modifying therapy, but it is not a definitive cure”.

Alzheimer’s / Dementia Burden in India

• Current prevalence: ~7.4% among individuals aged 60+ (~8–9 million people).
  
  
• Projected rise: By 2050, cases may exceed 11 million (197% increase).
  
  
• Types of dementia: Alzheimer’s most common; vascular dementia ~40% of cases in some studies.
  
  
• Historical rural prevalence: ~0.62% in adults aged 55+, indicating lifestyle and urbanization influences.
  
  
• Challenges: Underdiagnosis, low awareness, stigma, limited infrastructure, and shortage of trained professionals.
  
  
• Caregiving burden: Emotional stress, financial strain, loss of income, and caregiver burnout.

Government Initiatives and Policy Response

• National level: Dementia care included under NPHCE and NCD frameworks; no dedicated Alzheimer’s programme.
  
  
• State and institutional efforts: Dementia registries, awareness campaigns, memory clinics, and specialized geriatric care units.
  
  
• Recent advances: AI-assisted MRI and biomarker-based early detection being piloted at KGMU (Lucknow) and select research centres.
  
  
• Implementation gaps: State action plans exist (e.g., Karnataka Dementia Action Plan), but resources and execution are limited.
  
  
• Future focus: Strengthen primary healthcare, geriatric training, community awareness, and caregiver support.

Lecanemab and the Indian Context

• Therapeutic significance: Slows early disease progression and maintains cognitive function, representing a shift from symptom management to disease modification.
  
  
• Limitations: Modest efficacy, risk of ARIA, high cost, and requirement for advanced imaging.
  
  
• Accessibility: Limited infrastructure and affordability pose barriers in India.
  
  
• Ethical concerns: Prescribing a drug with modest benefits and risks to resource-constrained patients.
  
  
• Health system preparedness: Need for memory clinics, trained geriatric neurologists, and primary care sensitization.
  
  
• Research gap: Lack of Indian population-specific data on genetics, biomarkers, and clinical outcomes.
  
  
• Public health integration: Non-pharmacological interventions, early detection, and lifestyle measures should complement therapy.

Conclusion

Lecanemab provides a valuable tool for early-stage Alzheimer’s management, but it is not a cure. Its success depends on health system readiness, cost-effectiveness, patient selection, and long-term safety data. In India, emphasis should remain on:

1. Prevention and risk reduction through lifestyle and cardiovascular health.
   
   
2. Early detection via memory clinics and primary care.
   
   
3. Capacity building in geriatric care and caregiver support.
   
   
4. Equitable access to emerging therapies and integration with public health strategies.
   
   

A holistic approach combining medicine, public health, and social policy is essential to address the growing challenge of Alzheimer’s disease in India effectively.