Daily Current Affairs 13-October-2025

“IUCN Congress: COP29 to UNFCCC”

Context

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is actively engaging in discussions leading up to COP29 of the UNFCCC, to be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 11–22 November 2024.
 At the IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025, members emphasized the urgent need to integrate biodiversity conservation, ecosystem resilience, and climate finance into the global climate framework, especially under the upcoming COP29 negotiations.

What is COP29?

• Full Form: 29th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
  
  
• Host Country: Azerbaijan (city – Baku).
  
  
• Timeline: 11–22 November 2024.
  
  
• Purpose:
  
  
  • COPs are annual global meetings where all countries that are parties to the UNFCCC negotiate and decide actions to combat climate change.
    
    
  • These meetings review implementation of previous commitments and strengthen future global action under the Paris Agreement (2015).
    
    
• Key Focus Areas of COP29:
  
  
  • Finalizing the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance — successor to the USD 100 billion annual pledge.
    
    
  • Operationalizing the Loss and Damage Fund for climate-vulnerable nations.
    
    
  • Advancing the Global Stocktake outcomes from COP28 (Dubai).
    
    
  • Strengthening implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
    
    
  • Mainstreaming Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) and biodiversity conservation into climate action.

About UNFCCC

• Adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit.
  
  
• Entered into force in 1994.
  
  
• Objective: To stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
  
  
• Secretariat: Bonn, Germany.
  
  
• Major Protocols & Agreements:
  
  
  • Kyoto Protocol (1997) – binding targets for developed nations.
  • Paris Agreement (2015) – voluntary NDC-based approach for all nations.

IUCN’s Role at COP29

• IUCN is an observer organization to the UNFCCC and influences negotiations through scientific input, policy advice, and advocacy.
  
  
• Its priorities for COP29 include:
  
  
  • Promoting ecosystem-based approaches for both mitigation and adaptation.
    
    
  • Encouraging integration of biodiversity goals within climate strategies.
    
    
  • Strengthening Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) as credible climate actions.
    
    
  • Ensuring inclusion of indigenous peoples, local communities, and women in decision-making.
    
    
  • Supporting transparency and accountability in climate finance.

Key Highlights of IUCN Congress 2025

• Passed a resolution recognizing wild animals as “climate allies”, emphasizing their role in carbon storage and ecosystem stability.
  
  
• Called for stronger links between wildlife conservation and climate policy.
  
  
• Discussed gender-responsive climate action under the AGENT (Advancing Gender in the Environment) initiative.
  
  
• Reaffirmed the need for equitable climate finance and technology transfer to developing nations.

Major Challenges Discussed

• Climate finance gap: Developing countries seek a fair, predictable funding mechanism — estimates suggest USD 1.3 trillion/year by 2035 may be needed.
  
  
• Implementation deficit: Many nations struggle to translate climate pledges into on-ground results.
  
  
• Balancing growth and conservation: Tension between emission reduction goals and biodiversity protection.
  
  
• Greenwashing risks: Ensuring accountability in the use of “nature-based” projects.

Significance

• Demonstrates integration of biodiversity and climate action on the global stage.
  
  
• Highlights IUCN’s role as a knowledge partner and policy influencer in international negotiations.
  
  
• Strengthens the case for ecosystem-based approaches to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
  
  
• Reaffirms focus on equity, inclusion, and environmental justice in climate governance.

Armenia Becomes Newest IUCN Member

Context

Armenia has become the newest State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in October 2025. The announcement was made at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi. This move strengthens Armenia’s commitment to environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, and climate resilience, as the country prepares to host the CBD COP17 in 2026.

Key Information

• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature):
  • Established in 1948; headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.
  • World’s largest environmental network, known for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  • Works on nature conservation, sustainable use of resources, and climate adaptation.
    
    
• Armenia’s Membership:
  • Joined as a State Member (sovereign member nation).
  • Liaison: Ministry of Environment, Armenia.
  • Gains access to global research, conservation databases, and capacity-building programs.
    
    
• Armenia’s Environmental Goals:
  • Increase forest cover to about 12.9% by 2030.
  • Strengthen biodiversity laws and protected area management.
  • Focus on protecting native species like the Caucasian leopard, Bezoar goat, and Sevan trout.
  • Joined the ENACT Partnership for promoting nature-based climate solutions.
• Challenges:
  • Needs stronger legal and policy frameworks for conservation.
  • Limited institutional capacity and financing mechanisms.
  • Balancing development with ecosystem protection.

Significance

• Enhances Armenia’s voice in global biodiversity and climate forms.
• Provides access to technical expertise, data, and funding from international partners.
• Helps align domestic policies with global environmental standards.
• Boosts Armenia’s credibility ahead of hosting CBD COP17 (2026).
  
  

Raman Research Institute’s Advances in Quantum Technology

Introduction

The Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, has recently made significant breakthroughs in quantum technology, marking India’s growing prominence in this frontier area of science. These advancements have wide-ranging applications in quantum computing, communication, and sensing, and demonstrate that India is actively contributing to global quantum research and innovation.

Key Breakthroughs

1. Intraparticle Quantum Entanglement
   
   
   1. RRI researchers discovered that quantum noise, traditionally considered harmful, can actually generate and revive quantum entanglement within a single particle.
      
      
   1. This phenomenon, known as intraparticle entanglement, is resilient under environmental noise and challenges previous assumptions in quantum mechanics.
      
      
   1. The team developed a Global Noise Model for realistic quantum system simulations, advancing noise-resilient quantum technologies.
      
      
2. Quantum Communication via Free-Space Channels
   
   
   1. The Quantum Information and Computing (QuIC) Lab successfully demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) over free-space channels.
      
      
   1. In experiments, entangled photons were transmitted between two buildings 50 meters apart, a step forward for secure quantum communication in sectors like defense and finance.
      
      
3. Quantum Sensing of Magnetic Fields
   
   
   1. Researchers developed a quantum magnetometer capable of measuring magnetic fields with unprecedented sensitivity.
      
      
   1. Utilizing neutral atoms at room temperature, the technology could lead to portable, cost-effective, and practical magnetic sensors for industrial applications.

Strategic Collaborations and National Context

• RRI collaborates with institutions like ISRO and IISc to integrate quantum technologies into space and terrestrial applications.
  
  
• It is part of the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications (NM-QTA), which promotes research, innovation, and commercialization of quantum technologies in India.
  
  
• These efforts are aligned with India’s vision to become a global leader in quantum science and technology, boosting both strategic and commercial capabilities.

Implications

1. Technological Leadership: Demonstrates India’s ability to contribute to cutting-edge quantum research globally.
   
   
2. Security and Communication: Enables development of tamper-proof communication systems, critical for defense and finance sectors.
   
   
3. Industrial Applications: Quantum sensing technologies can enhance precision in navigation, medical diagnostics, and mineral exploration.
   
   
4. Research and Development: Positions India as a hub for quantum innovation, attracting talent and investments.

Conclusion

The breakthroughs at the Raman Research Institute underscore India’s advancement in frontier science, particularly in quantum technologies. By leveraging intraparticle entanglement, secure communication channels, and quantum sensing, RRI is not only expanding the frontiers of fundamental research but also enabling practical applications that could transform industries, defense, and national security. These developments highlight India’s commitment to scientific innovation and global competitiveness in emerging technologies.

9th India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025: India’s Leap Toward a Digital Future

Introduction

The 9th edition of the India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025), Asia’s largest telecom, media, and technology forum, is being held from October 8–11, 2025, at Yashobhoomi Convention Centre, New Delhi. Jointly organized by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), IMC has become a major platform for showcasing India’s leadership in the global digital ecosystem.

With the theme “Innovate to Transform”, IMC 2025 aims to highlight India’s progress in next-generation technologies like 5G, 6G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), green tech, and electronics manufacturing.

Key Objectives and Theme

• The theme “Innovate to Transform” underscores India’s vision to use technology-led innovation for transforming society, governance, and industry.
  
  
• IMC 2025 aims to display over 1,000 cutting-edge use cases in diverse domains — from healthcare and education to space technology and smart cities.
  
  
• It seeks to bring together industry leaders, policymakers, academia, startups, and investors to collaborate on digital transformation strategies.

Highlights of IMC 2025

1. Wide Participation
   
   
   1. Over 1.5 lakh visitors and 400+ exhibitors from 150+ countries.
      
      
   1. Around 800 speakers and 100+ conference sessions focusing on telecom policy, 6G, AI, cybersecurity, and digital infrastructure.
      
      
2. ASPIRE Startup Programme
   
   
   1. A special initiative to support 500+ startups in telecom and tech sectors.
      
      
   1. Aims to connect innovators with 300+ investors and industry mentors.
      
      
3. Technological Showcases
   
   
   1. Jio launched “JioBharat Phones” with safety-first features, promoting digital inclusion.
      
      
   1. Ericsson demonstrated 5G and AI innovations, highlighting India’s readiness for 6G transition.
      
      
   1. India showcased its indigenously developed 4G tech stack, marking entry into the elite group of countries capable of exporting telecom technologies.
      
      
4. Global Collaboration on 6G
   
   
   1. During the Bharat 6G Symposium, the Bharat 6G Alliance joined nine international bodies to sign the Delhi Declaration  committing to building a secure, inclusive, and sustainable global 6G ecosystem.
      
      
5. Policy and Innovation Dialogues
   
   
   1. Sessions on digital inclusion, Make in India, green ICT, and AI ethics.
      
      
   1. Special focus on women in technology and youth-led innovation.

Significance of IMC 2025

1. Promoting Digital Sovereignty
   
   
   1. IMC highlights India’s drive for self-reliance in telecom technology through the Design in India, Solve in India, and Scale from India (DSS) approach.
      
      
   1. Encourages domestic innovation and local manufacturing to reduce import dependency.
      
      
2. Boosting Global Standing
   
   
   1. Strengthens India’s position as a global digital hub and a key partner in shaping international standards for telecom and emerging technologies.
      
      
3. Supporting Startups and MSMEs
   
   
   1. The ASPIRE programme helps integrate startups into the larger telecom supply chain, fostering an ecosystem of innovation-led entrepreneurship.
      
      
4. Accelerating Technological Transition
   
   
   1. Provides a launchpad for 6G research, AI-driven network management, IoT applications, and satellite communications.
      
      
5. Policy and Regulatory Impact
   
   
   1. Serves as a forum for discussion on spectrum policy, cybersecurity, green telecom, and data governance, aiding evidence-based policymaking.

Challenges Ahead

• Ensuring affordability and accessibility of high-end technologies for rural and marginalized populations.
  
  
• Maintaining cybersecurity and data privacy in an increasingly interconnected ecosystem.
  
  
• Balancing rapid digital growth with environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.
  
  
• Bridging the digital divide between urban and rural India through targeted initiatives.

Way Forward

• Continued focus on R&D for 6G, AI, and indigenous semiconductor manufacturing.
  
  
• Strengthening public-private partnerships to build robust digital infrastructure.
  
  
• Expanding digital literacy and skilling initiatives to prepare India’s workforce for future technologies.
  
  
• Promoting sustainable and green telecom practices to align with India’s net-zero commitments.

Conclusion

The 9th India Mobile Congress 2025 stands as a testament to India’s journey from being a consumer of digital technology to becoming a global innovation hub. With the theme “Innovate to Transform”, it not only celebrates India’s achievements in 5G and digital infrastructure but also sets the stage for the country’s leadership in 6G, AI, and future-ready technologies.

For UPSC aspirants, IMC 2025 represents a crucial example of how technology, policy, and innovation intersect to drive India’s vision of a self-reliant, inclusive, and digital Bharat

PM Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana and Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses

Current Context

In October 2025, the Government of India unveiled two major agricultural initiatives, the PM Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana and the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses. These programs mark a crucial policy push towards agricultural self-reliance, food security, and farmer welfare.

While the PM Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana aims at comprehensive agri-sector development across 100 low-performing districts, the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses seeks to make India self-sufficient in pulse production by 2030, reducing import dependency and ensuring nutritional security.

These schemes come at a time when India’s agricultural imports especially pulses and edible oils are rising, impacting the trade balance and exposing the country to global price volatility.

India’s Pulses Scenario: Context and Challenges

Importance of Pulses

• Pulses are a key source of plant-based protein and micronutrients for India’s largely vegetarian population.
  
  
• They play a vital role in crop rotation and soil enrichment by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
  
  
• Pulses are climate-resilient crops, requiring less water and inputs, making them ideal for semi-arid regions.

Current Status

• India is the world’s largest producer, consumer, and importer of pulses.
  
  
• Annual production stands at around 27–28 million tonnes, while demand is around 32–33 million tonnes, creating a shortfall of about 4–5 million tonnes annually.
  
  
• Imports mainly come from Myanmar, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Canada.
  
  
• Despite being the global leader, productivity levels remain low (around 850 kg per hectare), primarily due to rainfed cultivation and limited irrigation facilities.

Key Challenges

• Low productivity and yield gaps due to poor-quality seeds and inadequate R&D.
  
  
• Dependence on monsoons, with 85% of the area being rainfed.
  
  
• Price volatility and delayed procurement discourage farmers from expanding pulse acreage.
  
  
• Post-harvest losses due to lack of processing, grading, and storage facilities.
  
  
• Limited market access and weak integration with formal supply chains.

PM Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana

Objective

To modernize agriculture and enhance productivity in 100 low-performing districts by ensuring better infrastructure, technology integration, and income diversification.

Key Features

• Outlay: ₹24,000 crore (2025–26 to 2030–31).
  
  
• Integrated approach: Convergence of 36 existing central schemes from 11 ministries to avoid duplication and improve efficiency.
  
  
• Focus areas:
  
  
  • Productivity improvement through technology and irrigation support.
    
    
  • Soil health enhancement and crop diversification.
    
    
  • Expansion of storage, logistics, and market access.
    
    
  • Encouraging allied sectors like livestock, dairy, fisheries, and horticulture.
    
    
• Implementation: Based on District Agricultural Development Plans (DADPs) tailored to local needs and agro-climatic conditions.
  
  
• Digital governance: Integration of remote sensing, GIS, and digital soil maps for precision agriculture.
  
  
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Collaboration for value chain development and agri-entrepreneurship.

Expected Outcomes

• Improved productivity and yield in low-performing regions.
  
  
• Enhanced farmer income through diversification and reduced input costs.
  
  
• Strengthened agri-infrastructure for post-harvest value addition.
  
  
• Boost to rural employment and resilience to climate shocks.

Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses

Objective

To achieve complete self-sufficiency in pulse production by 2030–31, ensuring price stability, nutritional adequacy, and reduced import dependency.

Key Components

• Budget Outlay: ₹11,440 crore over six years (2025–31).
  
  
• Production Target: 35 million tonnes by 2030–31.
  
  
• Area Expansion: Bringing 310 lakh hectares under pulse cultivation, including rice fallow lands in eastern and southern states.

Major Interventions

1. Seed and Varietal Improvement:
   
   
   1. Development and distribution of climate-resilient, high-yielding varieties of Arhar, Urad, Moong, and Masoor.
      
      
   1. Distribution of over 120 lakh quintals of certified seeds and 88 lakh seed mini-kits.
      
      
2. Price Assurance and Procurement:
   
   
   1. Guaranteed 100% procurement of Tur, Urad, and Masoor at MSP for the next four years through NAFED and NCCF.
      
      
   1. Strengthening of buffer stock mechanisms to stabilize market prices.
      
      
3. Post-Harvest and Processing Infrastructure:
   
   
   1. Establishment of 1,000 processing and packaging units with financial incentives up to ₹25 lakh per unit.
      
      
   1. Promotion of agro-processing clusters for reducing post-harvest losses.
      
      
4. Farmer Capacity Building:
   
   
   1. Extensive training through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and ICAR institutes.
      
      
   1. Use of digital platforms like SATHI for seed traceability and real-time monitoring.
      
      
5. Crop Diversification and Intercropping:
   
   
   1. Promotion of pulse cultivation in non-traditional and rice-fallow areas.
      
      
   1. Integration with horticulture and oilseed crops for balanced land use.

Government Support Mechanisms for Pulses

• National Food Security Mission (NFSM–Pulses) – Enhancing production through improved technologies and inputs.
  
  
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) – Funding innovative state-level projects on pulses.
  
  
• Minimum Support Price (MSP) – Regular upward revision to ensure remunerative returns.
  
  
• Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) – Managing buffer stocks to control inflation.
  
  
• PM-AASHA Scheme – Ensures price support and procurement of pulses at MSP.
  
  
• e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) – Expanding access to transparent, nationwide agri-markets.
  
  
• International Collaboration – Partnerships with ICAR, IIPR, and CGIAR centres for research and genetic improvement.

Broader Significance

1. Food and Nutritional Security:
   
   
   1. Enhances domestic availability of protein-rich foods and addresses malnutrition.
      
      
2. Farmer Welfare:
   
   
   1. Ensures stable incomes, better market linkages, and reduced vulnerability to price shocks.
      
      
3. Import Substitution and Forex Savings:
   
   
   1. Reduces dependence on volatile global pulse markets, saving valuable foreign exchange.
      
      
4. Environmental Sustainability:
   
   
   1. Pulses improve soil health and reduce chemical fertilizer use, promoting sustainable agriculture.
      
      
5. Rural Employment and Inclusivity:
   
   
   1. Expanding processing and value addition creates local jobs and strengthens rural economies.

Way Forward

• Enhanced R&D Investment: To develop pest-resistant, high-yielding varieties.
  
  
• Improved Irrigation Coverage: Especially in pulse-growing rainfed areas.
  
  
• Private Sector Engagement: For modern processing, branding, and export promotion.
  
  
• Climate Adaptation Strategies: Incorporate drought-resilient technologies and early warning systems.
  
  
• Strengthening FPOs: To improve collective bargaining and supply chain integration.

Conclusion

The PM Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana and the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses represent a paradigm shift in India’s agricultural policy — from input-based support to outcome-driven self-reliance.

By focusing on productivity, resilience, and market efficiency, these initiatives can transform India into a global leader in sustainable agriculture, ensuring both farmer prosperity and national food security.

The Siddi Tribal Community: Africa’s Legacy in India

Introduction

The Siddi community, often called India’s African tribe, is a small but historically significant tribal group of African descent that has lived in India for nearly 800 years. Spread across Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Goa, the Siddis represent a rare blend of African ancestry and Indian culture.

Despite their rich heritage and unique identity, they continue to face issues of marginalization, limited recognition, and socio-economic exclusion, making their story a critical case study in India’s tribal and social justice framework.

Historical Background

●     The Siddis are descendants of the Bantu-speaking people from East Africa (mainly present-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique).

●     They arrived in India between the 13th and 17th centuries, through various routes:

○     As slaves, soldiers, and sailors brought by Arab and Portuguese traders.

○     As mercenaries and guards in the service of local rulers and the Deccan sultanates.

●     Some Siddis rose to prominence  for instance, Malik Ambar, a Siddi general, served as a powerful regent in the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in the 17th century.

●     Over centuries, the Siddis assimilated linguistically and culturally into local communities, adopting Indian customs while retaining elements of their African heritage.

Demographic and Social Profile

●     The Siddi population in India is estimated at around 50,000.

●     They are concentrated mainly in:

○     Karnataka (Uttara Kannada, Dharwad, Belagavi districts)

○     Gujarat (Junagadh and Gir Somnath)

○     Maharashtra (Raigad and Ahmednagar)

●     The community is recognized as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in Karnataka, Gujarat, and Goa.

●     Religiously, they are diverse following Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity  yet united by a common ethnic identity.

●     They speak local languages such as Kannada, Gujarati, Konkani, Marathi, while retaining traces of their original African dialects in folk expressions and songs.

Cultural Heritage

●     Dance and Music: The Siddi’s signature art form is Dhamal (also called Dhamaal), a traditional African-origin dance performed with drums and rhythmic chanting, often linked to spiritual or festive occasions.

●     Community Traditions: Their community organization, often led by Jamats (councils), helps resolve social disputes and maintain cultural norms.

●     Oral History: The Siddi community has preserved oral traditions, folk tales, and songs reflecting both African and Indian elements — an example of cultural syncretism.

●     Sports Talent: Genetic and physical traits have made many Siddis excel in athletics. Several youth have been trained under Sports Authority of India (SAI) programs.

Socio-Economic Conditions and Challenges

1. Poverty and Livelihood Insecurity
   
   
   1. Most Siddis are landless or marginal farmers, working as agricultural laborers or forest produce gatherers.
      
      
   1. Income levels are low, and access to credit or market linkages remains limited.
      
      
2. Land and Identity Issues
   
   
   1. In some regions, Siddis lack formal land ownership, preventing them from accessing benefits tied to landholding.
      
      
   1. Many Siddis living outside notified areas are not recognized as Scheduled Tribes, excluding them from reservation benefits.
      
      
3. Education and Awareness Gap
   
   
   1. Literacy levels remain below the national average.
      
      
   1. High dropout rates, especially among girls, persist due to poor infrastructure and early marriage practices.
      
      
4. Discrimination and Social Exclusion
   
   
   1. Siddis often face racial discrimination due to their African physical features.
      
      
   1. Limited political representation and awareness hinder their participation in decision-making.
      
      
5. Health and Nutrition
   
   
   1. Remote settlements lead to poor access to healthcare.
      
      
   1. Malnutrition and anemia are common, especially among women and children.

Recent Developments and Demands

• The Siddi community has been demanding uniform ST recognition across all Indian states, arguing that the current state-specific recognition is unjust.
  
  
• In 2024–25, several tribal advocacy groups renewed calls for an “internal quota” within the Scheduled Tribe category, to ensure smaller tribes like the Siddis get a fair share of benefits.
  
  
• The Karnataka government and Ministry of Tribal Affairs have initiated livelihood and skill development programs focused on the Siddis, including sports scholarships and forest-based micro-enterprises.
  
  
• Civil society organizations are promoting education and women’s empowerment through self-help groups and vocational training.

Government Initiatives and Constitutional Safeguards

1. Scheduled Tribe Recognition: Siddis in Karnataka, Gujarat, and Goa are included under Article 342 of the Constitution.
   
   
2. Reservation Benefits: Access to ST quotas in education, jobs, and legislatures in recognized states.
   
   
3. Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP): Funding support for housing, education, and skill-building in tribal-dominated districts.
   
   
4. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): Monitors their welfare and safeguards constitutional protections.
   
   
5. NGO and State Projects: Initiatives such as Van Dhan Vikas Kendras and Tribal Livelihood Missions support economic inclusion.

Broader Significance

• Cultural Diversity: The Siddis represent India’s inclusivity, where African-origin people have merged seamlessly into Indian civilization.
  
  
• Diaspora Studies: Their journey highlights patterns of forced migration and assimilation, relevant for understanding global diaspora history.
  
  
• Tribal Development Policy: The Siddis’ case exemplifies the need for region-specific recognition and equitable distribution of ST benefits.
  
  
• Sports and National Pride: Siddi youth have the potential to become symbols of empowerment through sports and education.

Way Forward

1. Uniform Recognition: Extend Scheduled Tribe status to all Siddi populations across India.
   
   
2. Focused Education Drive: Establish residential schools and scholarships for Siddi children, particularly girls.
   
   
3. Livelihood Support: Promote agro-forestry, eco-tourism, and craft-based industries in Siddi-majority areas.
   
   
4. Cultural Preservation: Document and promote traditional Siddi art, music, and oral heritage through cultural exchange programs.
   
   
5. Social Awareness: Conduct sensitization campaigns to eliminate racial discrimination and promote social inclusion.
   
   
6. Representation: Encourage Siddi participation in local governance and panchayats.

Conclusion

The Siddi tribal community embodies the fusion of African and Indian heritage, symbolizing India’s pluralistic ethos. Yet, centuries after their arrival, they remain among the most invisible and vulnerable tribal groups in the country.

Achieving true Aatmanirbharta (self-reliance) for the Siddis requires inclusive policy measures  bridging gaps in recognition, education, and livelihood opportunities. Empowering the Siddis is not only a matter of justice but also a step towards preserving India’s remarkable cultural diversity.

India Recognises Three Major Ports as Green Hydrogen Hubs

Introduction

In October 2025, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) formally designated Deendayal Port (Kandla), V.O. Chidambaranar Port (Tuticorin), and Paradip Port (Odisha) as Green Hydrogen Hubs. This move is part of India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission, aimed at promoting the production, storage, and use of green hydrogen as a clean and sustainable fuel. The step underscores India’s commitment to decarbonising its industrial and energy sectors, supporting renewable energy integration, and enhancing its position in the global hydrogen economy.

What Are Green Hydrogen Hubs?

A Green Hydrogen Hub is a zone where green hydrogen production and utilization are integrated with infrastructure and logistics, enabling:

• Production via electrolysis powered by renewable energy (solar, wind, etc.).
  
  
• Storage, handling, and transport facilities for safe hydrogen use.
  
  
• Industrial consumption, including steel, fertilizers, refineries, shipping, and mobility sectors.
  
  
• Export of hydrogen or hydrogen-derived fuels (ammonia, methanol) to international markets.

Why These Ports?

1. Deendayal Port, Kandla (Gujarat)
   
   
   1. A major western port with robust logistics and connectivity.
      
      
   1. Close to industrial clusters and renewable energy zones.
      
      
2. V.O. Chidambaranar Port, Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu)
   
   
   1. Southern port with access to industrial hinterlands and renewable energy infrastructure.
      
      
   1. Potential for integration with hydrogen-powered transport projects.
      
      
3. Paradip Port, Odisha
   
   
   1. Key eastern port handling heavy industrial cargo.
      
      
   1. Strategically positioned to serve domestic demand and export green hydrogen.

These ports provide coastal access, facilitating both domestic distribution and international trade of green hydrogen and its derivatives.

Strategic Significance

1. Clean Energy Transition
   
   
   1. Hydrogen hubs will help reduce carbon emissions in ports, shipping, and industrial operations.
      
      
   1. Supports India’s goal of net-zero emissions by 2070.
      
      
2. Industrial Growth and Investment
   
   
   1. Recognition attracts private investment in hydrogen production, electrolysers, storage, and transport infrastructure.
      
      
   1. Promotes green technology clusters, boosting manufacturing and innovation.
      
      
3. Export Potential
   
   
   1. Coastal ports can serve as green hydrogen export terminals, opening opportunities in international markets, especially in Asia and Europe.
      
      
4. Regional Development
   
   
   1. Hubs encourage economic development in port hinterlands, generate employment, and stimulate skill development in clean energy technologies.

Alignment with National Green Hydrogen Mission

• The National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
  
  
• Cluster-based hydrogen hubs allow economies of scale, reduce production costs, and enable integrated renewable energy utilisation.
  
  
• Recognised ports can access state and central incentives for green hydrogen projects, including subsidies, financing support, and infrastructure development.

Challenges

1. High Production Costs
   
   
   1. Green hydrogen production is currently cost-intensive, due to the price of electrolyzers and renewable electricity.
      
      
2. Infrastructure Development
   
   
   1. Ports require specialized storage, handling, and safety infrastructure for hydrogen, which is highly flammable.
      
      
3. Power Supply and Renewable Integration
   
   
   1. Stable and cheap renewable electricity is critical for sustainable hydrogen production.
      
      
4. Logistics and Safety Regulations
   
   
   1. Safe transport of hydrogen (or derivatives like ammonia) requires robust pipelines, storage protocols, and regulatory frameworks.
      
      
5. Financing and Policy Clarity
   
   
   1. Private investors require clear incentives, risk mitigation policies, and long-term support to scale projects effectively.

Way Forward

1. Infrastructure Investment
   
   
   1. Upgrade port facilities, develop storage tanks, pipelines, and bunkering facilities for hydrogen-based fuels.
      
      
2. Renewable Energy Integration
   
   
   1. Ensure dedicated solar and wind capacity to power electrolyzers for cost-effective hydrogen production.
      
      
3. Policy and Regulatory Support
   
   
   1. Strengthen safety regulations, standards for hydrogen handling, and export policies.
      
      
4. Skill Development and Employment
   
   
   1. Train local workforce in hydrogen technologies, logistics, and maintenance.
      
      
5. Public-Private Partnerships
   
   
   1. Encourage collaboration between the government, industry, and startups to build a hydrogen ecosystem.

Conclusion

The recognition of Kandla, Tuticorin, and Paradip ports as Green Hydrogen Hubs is a pivotal step in India’s clean energy roadmap. By integrating renewable energy with hydrogen production and logistics, India can reduce emissions, attract global investment, and establish itself as a key player in the emerging green hydrogen economy. This initiative not only supports industrial decarbonization but also strengthens regional economic development and employment generation, marking a significant milestone in India’s energy transition.

Environmental Clearance for Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project: Boost to India’s Energy and Strategic Ambitions

Introduction

In October 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) granted environmental clearance to the Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project, a 1,856 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric project on the Chenab River in Ramban district, Jammu and Kashmir. This project is one of India’s largest hydropower initiatives and marks a significant step towards energy security, regional development, and strategic control over western rivers in light of the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).

Project Overview

• Capacity: 1,856 MW (Stage I: 1,406 MW; Stage II: 450 MW)
  
  
• Infrastructure: 192.5-meter-high concrete dam, underground power station, water channels, and tailrace systems returning water to the river.
  
  
• Area: Spread across 1,401 hectares in the Chenab basin.
  
  
• Developer: National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd.
  
  
• Cost: Approximately ₹31,380 crore

The project is designed as a run-of-the-river scheme, minimizing large-scale submergence while optimizing power generation.

Strategic and Geopolitical Context

• The project was stalled for over 40 years due to environmental concerns, political sensitivity, and legal challenges under the Indus Waters Treaty.
  
  
• Following India’s suspension of the IWT in April 2025, the country now has greater autonomy to utilize its share of western rivers (Chenab, Jhelum, Indus).
  
  
• Sawalkote is thus not only a hydropower project but also a strategic infrastructure project, asserting India’s control over river resources flowing from the Himalayan region.

Environmental Considerations

• The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the MoEFCC evaluated ecological and social impacts before granting clearance.
  
  
• Environmental mitigation measures include:
  
  
  • Limited submergence and preservation of riparian ecosystems.
    
    
  • Resettlement and rehabilitation plans for affected communities.
    
    
  • Continuous monitoring of water quality and river health.
    
    
• The committee, confident in the project’s compliance, did not require additional cumulative impact studies, expediting approval.

Implications

1. Energy Security
   
   
   1. The project will add 1,856 MW of clean energy, reducing India’s dependence on fossil fuels and supporting renewable energy targets.
      
      
2. Economic Development
   
   
   1. Construction and operation will generate local employment, infrastructure development, and ancillary industries, stimulating regional growth.
      
      
3. Strategic Advantage
   
   
   1. Ensures utilization of India’s rightful share of western river waters, strengthening India’s geopolitical position in river resource management.
      
      
4. Sustainable Development
   
   
   1. Emphasis on run-of-the-river design and mitigation measures aligns with environmental sustainability goals, balancing development and ecology.

Way Forward

• Timely execution of the project while ensuring strict environmental compliance is critical.
  
  
• Strengthening monitoring mechanisms for ecological impact, including aquatic biodiversity and downstream water flow, will ensure sustainability.
  
  
• Integration with India’s national energy grid and renewable energy strategies can maximize benefits.
  
  
• Local community engagement and equitable resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) will enhance social acceptance.

Conclusion

The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project represents a milestone in India’s hydropower and strategic development. Its environmental clearance not only enables large-scale clean energy generation but also reinforces India’s control over its western rivers amidst changing geopolitical contexts. Proper execution of the project will enhance energy security, regional development, and ecological sustainability, making it a landmark initiative in India’s pursuit of renewable energy and national interests.

AIIMS New Delhi Performs India’s First Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplant Surgery

Context

AIIMS, New Delhi, has achieved a historic milestone by performing India’s first robotic kidney transplant in a government hospital.

The surgery, conducted using the Da Vinci Xi robotic system, marks a breakthrough in bringing cutting-edge medical technology to the public healthcare sector. It reflects India’s progress in adopting minimally invasive and precision-driven surgical techniques for critical procedures like organ transplantation.

Key Information

• The first robotic renal transplant was performed on a 45-year-old patient suffering from end-stage kidney disease.
  
  
• The surgery lasted about 4 hours, using a 4–5 cm incision in the lower abdomen to insert the donor kidney.
  
  
• All delicate vascular and urinary connections  such as joining the artery, vein, and ureter to the bladder were carried out with robotic precision.
  
  
• The transplanted kidney began functioning immediately, with the patient showing a strong recovery and being discharged within ten days.
  
  
• AIIMS has successfully completed four additional robot-assisted transplants since the first case.
  
  
• The Da Vinci Xi robotic platform allows 3D magnified visualization and precise instrument movement, replicating human wrist motion with high accuracy.
  
  
• Cost: At AIIMS, the procedure costs about ₹20,000–25,000, compared to ₹15–20 lakh in private hospitals. It is free for Ayushman Bharat beneficiaries.

Advantages of Robotic Kidney Transplant

• Minimally invasive: Smaller incision, reduced pain, and minimal blood loss.
• Enhanced precision: Robotic arms enable fine movements in confined spaces.
• Faster recovery: Shorter hospital stay and quicker return to normal activity.
• Reduced infection risk: Smaller wounds and controlled operative environment.
• Better outcomes: Lower chances of wound-related complications and improved cosmetic results.

Challenges

• High equipment cost and maintenance expenses.
• Need for specialized training for surgeons and staff.
• Long-term outcomes (graft survival, rejection rates) require more data.
• Accessibility gap: High-end robotic systems are limited to major hospitals.

Significance

• Represents a technological leap for India’s public health sector.
• Enhances AIIMS’s role as a leader in advanced surgical innovation and training.
• Aligns with India’s goal of affordable and equitable healthcare access through government facilities.
• Boosts India’s capacity for organ transplantation, supporting the National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP).